To achieve the drastic reductions needed, an entirely new, transformative approach to ironmaking is required, and there are several promising approaches to ironmaking at an industrial scale without the release of CO2.

These fall into three broad categories: carbon, hydrogen and electricity.

Several projects are under development:

Carbon:  |  |  |  |  |  | 

Hydrogen:  |  |  |  |  | 

Electricity:  | 

Hydrogen/Electricity:  |